Outbreaks of the disease are occurring with increased frequency worldwide despite the widespread use of vaccines. The OIE Expert Influenza Surveillance panel, reviews currently circulating strains and makes recommendations for strain inclusion in the vaccine products. Equine influenza OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, OIE Headquarters, 16 April 2020 Conclusions and Recommendations. We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. influenza A/equine 2 virus) are the causative viral strains. Please write in CAPITAL letters; remember that others will be dependent on the information that you have written in the passport.c) no information available on the primary vaccination course need not lead to a penalty, and a repeat primary course is not required, provided the current passport contains a statement that the vaccination history of the horse has been checked and found to be correct (for exact wording see Veterinary Regulations, Annex II.I.11).For further information please contact:Dr Frits SluyterFédération Equestre InternationaleAv. VACCINATION. Annual boosters are required thereafter (must be given within 365 days of previous injection). Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease of horses. Current epidemiological surveillance suggests that equine influenza A viral strains of the H3N8 subtype (i.e. Please note that until 31 December 2004, annual booster vaccinations are permitted and from 1 January 2005, bi-annual boosters are required.7 Change in the vaccination schedule - When the vaccination schedule is changed from annual to bi-annual, the horse does not need a new primary vaccination.Sanctions8 The Bureau has approved the following table for warnings and sanctions of passport irregularities:8.1 Warnings will be issued by the FEI from 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2005 as a reminder that 6-month booster vaccination for influenza is now mandatory.8.2 As from 1 January 2006 a system of fines will be imposed by the Appeal Committee/Ground Jury for failure to comply with 6-month booster vaccinations.8.2.1 Less than one week after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 2008.2.2 Less than two weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 3008.2.3 Less than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 4008.2.4 More than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 500, and cancellation of the horse’s participation in the event.8.3 Fines for other infringements relating to influenza vaccination will be as follows:a) if no evidence of any current vaccination in passport: a maximum penalty of CHF 500. A 10 km (6 mi) quarantine zone was declared around Eastern Creek Quarantine Station and the Centennial Parklands Equestrian Centre, where the first infections were identified, on 24 August. The Report of the Equine Influenza Inquiry and the Government's Response was released by The Hon. It spreads rapidly and is expensive to eradicate, can disrupt equine events and cause significant economic disruption to horse related industries. However, to avoid interruption of the horses’ competition schedule, it is permissible to extend the 6-month booster date by a maximum of 21 days. Under section 72C(3) of the Act, the Minister may extend the period of effect of an emergency declaration. A threat to the horse population is a threat to the environment from an animal disease. Equine Influenza is exotic to Australia, however an outbreak in New South Wales in 2007 (from an imported horse) affected thousands of horses. Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses. An equine influenza outbreak is impacting the local burro populations in Redlands as dozens of burros have died from the virus since mid-October and the … no Vaccination program in the response to the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. Animals seroconvert about 2-3 weeks after infection. In the 2007 Australian outbreak, coughing was inconsistently reported. A widespread outbreak of equine influenza in the United Kingdom during 2003 in vaccinated Thoroughbred racehorses challenged the current dogma on vaccine strain selection. Equine influenza is a virus that has significant impacts, but through proper vaccination and biosecurity, handlers do have some control over the outcome of infections. It is estimated that one infected horse can easily infect ten in-contact horses causing the rapid spread of the disease. The vaccine is given as an intramuscular injection (injection into a muscle). 11, 12,13. Mon-Repos 241005 LausanneT. 1 Turnaround times are provided as a guide only. Influenza is endemic in the equine population of the United States and throughout much of the world, with the notable exceptions of New Zealand, Australia, and Iceland. The May influenza outbreak involving more than 200 horses within a 20-mile radius in the Normandy region of France should remind us that equine influenza remains a persistent threat to the global equine community. The affected horses in this area had all been vaccinated, and no specific cause has been found for the introduction of the disease. These cases are particularly dangerous as they can spread virus and could initiate a serious outbreak of disease.As a consequence of the risks involved the FEI Bureau and General Assembly have approved a rule-change requiring all horses competing in FEI competition to be vaccinated every 6 months. This can happen before any visible signs are shown by the horse. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. Authors Janet M Daly 1 , Shona MacRae, J Richard … This paper describes the complexities involved in the selection of a vaccine and its distribution. In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. 10 When the MDA level has reduced, the neonate is at risk of disease unless successful active immunisation from vaccination is achieved. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Leptospirosis. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2).Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (). "Implementation of the Rule change1 Primary course of vaccination - a primary course should always be given according to the manufacturer’s instructions by injection or intranasal administration. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. The disease has A third injection given between 150 and 215 days (5 and 7 months) after the second injection. National arrangements are in place to support such a response. News. Equine influenza immunity in the Special Restricted Area (Purple Zone) of New South Wales, Australia Aust Vet J . This advice includes: Routine scheduling and giving of an influenza vaccine with a COVID-19 vaccine on the same day is not recommended. Outbreaks are possible and occur in endemic countries. It spreads rapidly and is expensive to eradicate, can disrupt equine events and cause significant economic disruption to horse related industries. NR Perkins; WR Webster; T Wright; I Denney; I Links ; Pages: 126-134; First Published: 29 June 2011; Abstract; Full text PDF; References; Request permissions; no Equine influenza: patterns of disease and seroprevalence in Thoroughbred studs and implications for vaccination. This outbreak was eradicated within six months and Equine influenza has not been detected in Australia since. Tubes containing PBGS can be ordered via the. The OIE now considers H7N7 strains likely to be extinct since these strains have not been isolated for over 20 years. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2).Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (). The majority of the recreational horse populations in Australia… At this meeting, the expert committee reviewed and evaluated data related to epidemiology, antigenic and genetic characteristics of recent influenza isolates circulating in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere, serological responses … Epub 2010 Aug 3. Influenza activity in 2019-20; Since the previous meeting in April 2019, outbreaks of equine influenza were reported in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. This paper describes the complexities involved in the Most horses recover within a couple of weeks given good care and rest. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. This rule will be reviewed annually by the FEI Veterinary Committee and can be altered if the vaccination or disease situation changes.Rule change approved by the General Assembly 2004"The FEI requirement for equine influenza vaccination will be for booster vaccinations at 6-month intervals as from 1 January 2005. Border crossing restrictions prohibiting horses from New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) entering Victoria and other Equine Influenza (EI) free states will continue, despite NSW announcing reduced horse movement … For a number of years the FEI rules have required an annual booster vaccination, but recent research indicates that, for many vaccines protection declines after a few months. Equine influenza is an acute contagious respiratory disease of horses worldwidecaused by infection with equine influenza A virus. Serology is useful for retrospective confirmation of infection. Snake Bite. Countries free of equine influenza include Iceland, Australia and New Zealand. VICTORIAN BORDER RESTRICTIONS TO REMAIN. Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. IntroductionEquine Influenza is a viral respiratory disease which is highly contagious to susceptible horses. Vaccination of susceptible horses formed … The AISR aims to increase awareness of influenza activity in Australia by providing an analysis of the various surveillance data sources throughout Australia. At the time of the initial notification of the occurrence of equine influenza (EI) in Australia in August 2007, vaccination was restricted to horses for which it was an import requirement and only with the approval of the state or territory Chief Veterinary Officer. Equine influenza occurs globally, previously caused by two main strains of virus: equine-1 and equine-2. By clicking any link on this page you are giving your consent for us to set cookies. Australia remained free of equine influenza until 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over three months. (For example, a horse vaccinated on 18 March, has a window for the next vaccination from 18 Sep to 9 Oct). National arrangements are in place to support such a response. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys, mules and other equidae. Strangles. The horse should not be allowed to compete, it must be put in isolation and sent away from the event as soon as possible.b) any infringements of vaccination dates should be noted in the passport so that it is not reported again at a future event. Rarely, it causes deaths in young foals and debilitated or old horses. The FEI will accept intranasal vaccines for both primary and booster doses. Global Equine Influenza Vaccine Market is estimated to be valued US$ XX.X million in 2019. Recent outbreaks of EI have demonstrated the ease with which EI virus (EIV) can be transmitted internationally. The features of rapid spread and high morbidity assist the differentiation of EI from other infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases. Vaccination failures have been documented in Australia and the highest risk for canine parvovirus vaccination failure was identified in puppies receiving a last vaccination before 16 weeks of age. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. The strategy involves a combination of movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, ring vaccination and the establishment of vaccination buffer zones. For specific information about your submission please contact Customer Service.2 Confirmation testing of positives may affect turnaround time.3 Turnaround time is dependent on urgency. The virus can be transmitted by aerosol transmission from horse to horse. Univalent vaccines are to be preferred over combination vaccines, especially with regard to vaccination against tetanus.4 Details of Administration – vaccines must be administered by a veterinarian and the details of the vaccine, serial/batch number, the date and route of administration must be recorded in the FEI passport.5 Booster vaccinations must be given at 6-month intervals. Reeve-Johnson L. PMID: 17982150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Letter; MeSH Terms. This provides a 3-week window after the 6-month date to vaccinate the horse. 20 September 2007 Author: webmaster. In Australia, influenza vaccine has been supplied free-of-charge for pregnant women through the National Immunisation Program since 2010, and in November 2011, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists strongly endorsed routine vaccination of all pregnant women against influenza. Equine Influenza Outbreak in Australia: an Update 20 September 2007. A shorter vaccination interval is obviously permitted.6 The entering of vaccination details in new FEI passports/recognition cards or duplicates – if the vaccination history of a horse is very long, the veterinarian who has filled in the descriptive page of the passport/recognition card may use a specific statement to certify that the vaccinations have been administered in accordance with FEI regulations (for the exact wording see veterinary regulations, Annex II.I.11). Vaccination Guidelines Bibliography. Targeting the horse's respiratory system, the influenza virus damages the lining and mucous membranes in the animal's respiratory … In September 2007, the Hon. However, it is not possible to change the route of administration between the first and second vaccination of the primary course.3 Specification of Vaccine – all proprietary equine influenza vaccines are acceptable to the FEI irrespective of the route of administration. Serology must be interpreted in the context of vaccination history. The likely protection that would be provided by two modern vaccines commercially available in the European Union (an ISCOM-based and a canarypox-based vaccine) at the time of the outbreaks was determined. Definition Equine influenza virus is a RNA virus which is endemic in horse populations in many countries worldwide and which occurs sporadically in epidemic form from time to time. Quarantine zones were then placed around each new infection site. This requires 2 doses of vaccine administered between a minimum of 21 to a maximum of 92 days apart (1-3 months). Equine influenza had not been reported in China since 1993, in Japan since 1972, and had never been reported in Australia. The preferred minimum interval between a dose of seasonal influenza vaccine and a dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S is 14 days. The aims of this study were first to identify the equine influenza vaccination rate as reported in 2016 by horse owners in the United Kingdom (UK), second, to examine the demographics of owners and horses which were associated with significantly lower reported influenza vaccination rates and third, to explore factors that influence horse-owners’ decisions around influenza vaccine uptake. Equine Influenza in Australia. The Gene Technology (Equine Influenza Vaccine) Emergency Dealing Determination 2007 (the 2007 Determination) ... Australia from the equine influenza virus. Vaccine failure has been attributed to genetic and antigenic drift of the influenza A/equine/2 virus from vaccine strains, as well as failure of some vaccines to stimulate the appropriate array of immune responses. 1. Equine influenza is endemic in most countries in the world and causes significant illness in all horse breeds. Nowadays outbreaks still have a severe impact on the horse industry. In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infecte… Equine influenza is the disease caused by strains of influenza A that are enzootic in horse species. Endemicity is maintained by sporadic clinical cases and by inapparent infection in susceptible horses introduced into the population by birth, through waning immunity, or after movement from other areas or countries. The detection of EI in Australia is regarded as an emergency and every attempt will be made to eradicate the disease. Potomac Horse Fever. Tony Burke MP, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, on 12 June 2008. Activity– Currently, influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) activity is lower than average for this time of year compared to previous years, and is consistent with past activity following a peak in notifications and coming to the end of the influenza season. Dealing with infectious disease: lessons of equine influenza in Australia. The following diseases should be considered in the differential diagnosis: Virus titres are highest during the initial 24-48 hours of fever, which is the best time to sample for detection of the virus. The highly contagious nature of equine influenza means that it has the potential to seriously compromise international movement of horses. Fishing closures, restrictions and permits, Volunteer non-commercial kangaroo shooting, NSW Hunting Stakeholder Consultation Group, Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people, Forest contractor training and certification scheme, Olive oil, olive fruit, edible oil and oilseed testing, On suspicion of an exotic disease, veterinarians must immediately notify NSW DPI through the, Bacterial bronchopneumonia / pleuropneumonia, Inflammatory airway disease due to exposure to environment irritants and aeroallergens, Parasitic infections, including ascarids and lungworms, The pulmonary form of African horse sickness, 10 mL of blood collected into a plain evacuated tube, Nasal swabs - Mucosal surface of each nostril, collected separately into viral transport media (PBGS), Do not use commercially prepared swabs with plastic sleeves that contain transport medium. Influenza One of the most common respiratory diseases in horses, influenza is highly contagious. Equine Influenza The Liphook Equine Hospital , Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire, GU30 7JG Practice Office: 01428 723594 / Hospital Office: 01428 727200 Email: post@theleh.co.uk Websitewww.theleh.co.uk Equine Influenza virus is one of the most contagious diseases that affects horses and can be devastating in susceptible populations. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. © 2004-2021 Fédération Équestre Internationale. This means that towards the end of the vaccination year horses may become susceptible to infection again, but may not show clinical signs of disease. Equine Influenza. Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). … SIR, — As colleagues may be aware, subsequent to an outbreak of h3n8 influenza in horses in Australia this August, an eradication programme is currently in progress in Queensland and New South Wales.. Mr Ian Callinan AC was appointed Commissioner to conduct an independent inquiry into the outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. Horses that travel or are exposed to other horses are most at risk. Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. When equine influenza struck in 2007, about 50 thousand horses were affected across 6 thousand properties, resulting in restrictions, lockdowns and improved hygiene. Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. Firstly, equine influenza, like other influenza viruses, undergoes continuous antigenic drift, which means that antibodies raised against one strain will not necessarily protect against a different strain of virus and is one of the reasons why we see periodic outbreaks of influenza in vaccinated horses. They are related to but distinct from the viruses that cause human and avian influenz… Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. News Analysis Australia may be forced to introduce a national vaccination program for horses in the wake of the country's first outbreak of equine influenza, experts say.. At the time of the initial notification of the occurrence of equine influenza (EI) in Australia in August 2007, vaccination was restricted to horses for which it was an import requirement and only with the approval of the state or territory Chief Veterinary Officer. Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. Predominant international circulating H3N8 strains are Florida sublineage of the American lineage; clade 1 predominates in the Americas and clade 2 in Europe.. Known also as "horse flu" and "A1 influenza”, equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral respiratory disease in horses and other equine species. The $1.8 billion deal struck by the federal government will see the Tullamarine complex become the largest influenza manufacturing facility in the southern hemisphere. Univalent vaccines are to be preferred over combination vaccines, especially with regard to vaccination against tetanus. The detection of EI in Australia is regarded as an emergency and every attempt will be made to eradicate the disease. Like human influenza virus, EI virus is prone to mutation and if EI became endemic in the Australian horse population, it is likely that mutation would eventually render current vaccines ineffective, requiring new vaccines to be developed. Furthermore, s … Equine influenza: a review of an unpredictable virus Vet J. In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology* Horse Diseases/etiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control* Horses; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology* Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use; New South Wales/epidemiology; … Equine influenza in Australia. The vaccine reduces the clinical signs of equine influenza and the excretion (shedding) of the virus after infection. The disease has been recorded throughout history, and when horses were the main draft animals, outbreaks of EI crippled the economy. An increased temperature for one to three days of up to 41°C (106°F). In the U.S., it is most commonly seen in young horses around 2 to 3 years of age and frequently encountered at racetracks. While every care has been taken in preparing this report, the Commonwealth does not accept liability for any injury or loss or damage arising from the use of, or reliance upon, the content of the report. Even with an effective vaccine, it is unlikely that eno… The principal diagnostic test for early detection of EI is a real-time PCR which detects all type A influenza viruses. The Australian Influenza Vaccine Committee (AIVC) met on Wednesday 7th October 2020, to recommend the composition of the influenza virus vaccines for 2021. If it were to become established, it would have a major impact on the horse industry. +41 21 310 47 47      F. + 41 21 310 47 60Email : f.sluyter@horsesport.org. Equine influenza in Australia. The agriculture emergency response system is based on a partnership between Australian, State and Territory governments and industry that has matured over many decades through responses to a number of disease outbreaks, including Australia's previous avian influenza outbreaks and the more recent equine influenza outbreak. Reeve-Johnson L. PMID: 17982150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Letter; MeSH Terms. ProteqFlu is used to vaccinate horses from 4 months of age against equine influenza. intramuscular injection or intranasal). Secondly, vaccines do not generate the same immunity as natural infection. Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology* Horse Diseases/etiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control* Horses ; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology* Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use; New South Wales/epidemiology; … The first booster vaccination must be given no more than 6 months +21 days (see item 5) after the second vaccination of the primary course; a shorter vaccination interval is obviously permitted.2 Route of administration – the vaccine should be administered according to the manufacturer’s instructions (i.e. Death in adult horses is usually a consequence of secondary bacterial infection. 2011 Jul;89 Suppl 1:116-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00762.x. Karaca, K, Dubovi, EJ, Siger, L, Robles, A, Audonnet, JC, Jiansheng, Y, Nordgren, R and Minke, JM (2007). 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. Examination of how the disease affects horses and their owners in these countries reveals what we could expect in Australia if EI is not successfully eradicated. Topics: sport, horse-racing, animal-diseases-and-disorders---equine-influenza, united-kingdom, england, scotland, wales, northern-ireland Just eight of … EI is caused by two subtypes of influenza A viruses: H7N7 and H3N8, of the family Orthomyxoviridae. At the national level, notifications of laboratory-confirmed inf… During 2007, large outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) caused by Florida sublineage Clade 1 viruses affected horse populations in Japan and Australia. If EI became established in Australia, horse owners would face increased costs for the care and treatment of sick horses and many would face regular vaccination of their horses to enable them to participate in events. Clinical Signs Evaluation of the ability of canarypox-vectored equine influenza virus vaccines to induce humoral immune responses against canine influenza viruses in dogs. Foal Vaccination Chart . In 2007, Australia experienced the most extensive equine influenza outbreak observed in recent years. In vaccinated horses serology may be complicated by the presence of vaccine-induced antibody, unless vaccines that allow differentiation of infected and vaccinated horses have been used. Known also as "horse flu" and "A1 influenza”, equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral respiratory disease in horses and other equine species. Racing NSW Chief Steward Marc Van Gestel says the equine influenza outbreak of 2007 helped prepare the industry for the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because EIV H7N7 has not been isolated since the late 1970s and the Eurasian strain of H3N8 has not been seen since 2007, [8,11] OIE suggests omitting these from equine influenza vaccines. Equine Influenza The Liphook Equine Hospital , Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire, GU30 7JG Practice Office: 01428 723594 / Hospital Office: 01428 727200 Email: post@theleh.co.uk Websitewww.theleh.co.uk Equine Influenza virus is one of the most contagious diseases that affects horses and can be devastating in susceptible populations. Veterinary Record 165: 550. 3 Specification of Vaccine – all proprietary equine influenza vaccines are acceptable to the FEI irrespective of the route of administration. Sometimes referred to as the horse flu, equine influenza is one of the most widespread infectious viral equine diseases in the world. The infection causes an elevated temperature and coughing which is an easy method of spread from one horse to another. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. Equine influenza is a highly contagious disease that is very common in horses but rarely causes death. The report on Equine Influenza Vaccine Market provides qualitative as well as quantitative analysis in terms of market dynamics, competition scenarios, opportunity analysis, market growth, etc. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys, mules and other equidae. Rotaviral Diarrhea. The primary clinical signs include pyrexia, nasal discharge (initially serous and later mucous or mucopurulent), and a deep, dry, hacking cough. EI surveillance maintains awareness of emergence and international spread of antigenic variants. The majority of the recreational horse populations in Australia, Kazakhstan, Equine Influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys and mules and other equidae. 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. 2011 Jul;189(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.026. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. Vaccination of susceptible horses high … Adult Horse Vaccination Chart. In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infected horses and inadequate post-arrival quarantine procedures. Dr. Mark Schembri is an equine veterinarian and a GP at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). Equine influenza (EI) can be controlled by vaccination but it has been demonstrated repeatedly in the field that antigenic drift impacts on vaccine efficacy. Weeks given good care and rest ):7-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00762.x are provided as a guide.. Vaccine administered between a dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S is 14 days no specific cause has been found the! 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